Electrical circuits for controlling and measuring



May 14, 1940- o. H. scHucK 2.200.863

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS FOR CONTROLLING AND MEASURING A I9- /z- INVENTOR.

05cm? HUGO cHucK ATTORNEY.

My 14 1940 o. H. scHucK 2,200,863

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS FOR CONTROLLING AND MEASURING Filed 001:. 3, .934 10 Sheets-Shea?l 2 INVENTwR..

Osea/ HUGO cHuc-K r BYJwm I ATTORNEY.

May 14, 1940- o. H. scHucK 2,200,863

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS FOR CONTROLLING AND MEASURING INVENTORA Osc/1E' HUGO SCHL/CK BY .6L gmx ATTORNEY.

May 14 1940- o. H. scHucK 2,200,863

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS FOR CONTROLLING AND MEASURING Filed Oct. 3, 1934 10 Sheets-Sheet 4 1a 'r 5 fZC ffcfmm/ z Pau/2 JWPLY @aap/.fa

, Owe/Lyme dea/f5 INVENTOR.

0504A HUGO cHuc/f ATTORNEY.

May 14, 1940 I o. H. scHUcK 2,200,863

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS FOR CONTROLLING AND MEASURING Filed oct. s, 1954 v 1o sheets-sheet s INVENTOR.

ATTORNEY.

'May 14 1940- o. H. scHucK 2,200,863

ELECTRICA-n CIRCUITS Fon CONTROLLINGAND ME'AsUaING 4 Filed oct. 5, 1954 fg. /A/o/c/froe F 9 h E/J'Te//V 10 Sheets-Sheet 6 i INVENTOR. Osc/1,? HUGO 5cl- BY. GLM @Jai ATTORNEY.

May 14, 1940 o. H. scHUcK 2.200.863A

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS FOR CONTROLLING AND MEASURING l l0 Sheets-Sheet 7 Filed Oct. 3, 1934 F1513 Y M, l

INVENTOR.

05045 HUGO SCHL/cfr ATTORNEY.

May 14, 1940. o. H. scHucK ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS FOR lCONTROLLING AND MEASURING Filed Oct. 3, 1954 l0 Sheets-Sheet 8 INVENTOR.

USC/1E HUGO cHuc/f BY ATTORNEY.

MaY 14 1940 o. H. scHucK 2,200.863

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS FOR CONTROLLING AND MEASURING Filed oct. s, 1934 1o sheets-sheet 9 Y: 5 vTl INVENTCR.

05cm? H060 cHuc/r BY ATTORNEY.

Patented May i4, i940.

stares PATENT .OFFICE ELEU'RECAIL CHRCUITS FOR CONTROILNG ANB? MEASURING Oscar Hugo Schuck, Philadelphia, Pa., assigner,

by mesme assignments, to Radio Patents Corporation, New New ilaria `il'crks N. Y., a cci-poration of My invention relates to novel apparatus ior and methods of making measurements of threads, sheets and like materials, and more specifically it relates to and has an object to provide novel 3 sensitive and stable means for and. methods of measuring the thickness of threads and sheets which are either stationary or continuously moving from the recording of the thickness, and for the controlling ci machinery in accordance with l@ the thickness.

The devices to be described are also applicable to the continuous measurement of dielectric constant, permeability, opacity, and any other properties of materials that may be made to control the values of electricalI parameters. One particular application of the invention is to a device for obtaining a continuous measurement of the diameter of silk thread.

The measurement of silk thread. and the rat- Y ing of the thread as to quality are beset with.

many dimculties, and the standard methods are tedious, wasteful of thread, and inaccurate. Since fect the measurement of the average diameter.

30 At the present time, the most accurate methods involve weighing samples of the thread whose lengths kare known, and deducing the diameter from the weight. Since the uniformity of diameter of the thread -influences the appearance 85 and strength of the fabric woven or knitted from it, this property of the thread is of the utmost importance. y

The particular application of my invention to a device for continuously measuring the diam- 40 eter of silk thread may be adapted to perform any one or a number of the following tasks: a continuous record of thejdiameter of the thread may be made, a reoord of the separately inte- -grated positive and negative deviations from any 46 predetermined diameter may be made, either integrating the deviations themselves or integrating any desired function of the deviations; characteristics of the fabric such as the loop length of stocking fabric may be controlled; and the wind- 60 ing of the thread may be stopped when the diameter of the thread falls outside predetermined limits.

In general my invention contemplates a detection of the variations in thickness of a thread or of a. sheet by electrical means and more specically either by the use of condensers or light responsive devices.

In the former case my invention contemplates the use of a condenser consisting of a pair oi plates whose spacing is controlled by the separation of a pair of caliper jaws between whicha knitting machine using the thread in accordance with such variations. or to control the operation of a spindle winding machine.

In a preferred form oi' my invention I have developed a novel electrical circuit which consists of applying voltage at a predetermined frequency vto two tuned circuits. The first of these tuned circuits includes among its tuning elements a caliper condenser whose capacity is controlled by the thickness of the thread. The tuning of this circuit, therefore, varies in accordance with the variations in thickness of the thread. Means are provided whereby when the tuning of this first circuit varies, a diierential current with respect to the second tuned circuit is produced which operates motor means to vary a second condenser in the flrst tuned circuit to restore its tuning to the same value as the second tuned circuit.

In short, I employ the null method of comparison in a novel electrical circuit for detecting variations in capacity of the caliper condenser.

In a further adaptation of my invention I employ the principle of light detection mentioned above, in which Aa source of light is applied to two photoelectric cells. The thread whose thickness is to be measured is passed between the light source and the mst of the photocells. Normally a balanced condition is obtained in the voutput circuit of these photocells. When the thickness of the thread varies from a predetermined value, the amount of light impinging on the iirst photoelectric cell is changed. This unbalances the electrically balanced condition and operates motor means which control the amount of light impinged on the first photocell to compensate for any variations produced by the thread. The two photocells, therefore, again produce a balanced electrical circuit. and a measure of the unbalance is obtained.-

Accordingly an object of my invention is to of the thread or sheet or to control, if desired,

provide novel apparatus for and methods of measing the thickness of a thread.

A further object is to provide a novel null method electrical circuit for measuring the vari- 5 ations in electrical conditions.

Still another object is to provide a novel null method for measuring variations in capacity of a condenser.

Still a further object is to apply this novel 10 electrical null method to the detection of variacondenser is connected where small variations of the capacity produce correspondingly changes in current.

A. further object is tc provide a novel method ci measuring variations in capacity of a con-= denser by applying a voltage to a tuned circuit including the condenser, cfa frequency different than the resonant frequency o' the tuned cir cuit.

Still another object is to provide novel apparatus for and methods of continuously recording variations in thickness oi a thread.

llt has been desirable to provide some means for classifying lots oi silk thread in accordance with predetermined qualities such, for example, as the uniformity ol' the tliiclnness oi the thread on the spool. Heretoiore only crude methods have been possible, such as the weighing of a nlnnber of lengths oi thread and making com- @o parisons in that manner. However, it will be obvious that this at leest provides only a crude and inaccurate measure of. the quality ol the thread.

accordance with anotltlel aspect oi my :ln- /"ention, l contemplate integrating on measuring struments the variations in the thickness ol e thread from a predeternimed value so that alt 3r the run oi a spool oi threaten exact indioa on is provided of the calcaree oi uniformity of large thickness ci the thread on that spool.

Accordingly, a ilurtl'ler object oi' my invention to provide novel for and methods integrating 'the varying tlrlcleness o1? thread nono a predetermined value.

While my intention may ce applied to the continuous measurement o?? materials and may also loe applied to other uses, the principles involved will moet readily ce explained oy elle@ cussing its application to a device lor nieaslrlrln3I @9 diameter or a v.ll-'here are other objects oi my invention which together with theA foregoing will appear in the Q detailed description which is to follow in commea G@ tion with the drawings in winch: A

Figure l is a 'thread :oneasurlngY device arranged to make a continuous record ol the diameter oi the' thread;

Figure 2 shows electrical circuits of a ciet@ rice for measuring the diameter of thread;

Figure 3 is a schematic showingr of thread measuring device arranged to control the loop length regulator on a knitting machine;

Figure 4 is a schematic showing of a thread i 75 measuring device arranged to stop the winding up of the thread when the diameter of the thread falls outside predetermined limits;

Figure 5 is a diagram to illustrate ampliiication of the eilect of capacitance change by use of resonance eiects; t

Figure 6 is a simple form of measuring device utilizing resonance eiects;

-Figure 7 is a diagram to illustrateY the effect 0i' supply voltage variation on the indications o! a measuring device; 10

Figure 8 is a diagram to illustrate the effect of frequency variation on Athe indication oi a measuring device;

Figure 9 shows the electrical circuits of a measuring device employing balanced circuits giving l5 indications dependent upon the amount of unbalance;

Figure l0 shows the electrical circuits and ar rangement of a measuring device employing balanced circuits and using a null method ci coma. parison, giving indications dependent upon the amount oi compensating capacitance;

Figure 11 ls a cross section of the condenser caliper used in measuring the diameter or the thread;

Figure l2 is an arrangement for automatically moving the running thread over the faces of the caliper plates to decrease the inaccuracies clue to their wearing;

Figure 13 shows the electrical circuits for lndl so cating unequality or the currents in the balanced circuit; utilizing diode rectiliers in a bridge are rangement;

Figure 14.- shows the electrical circuits for indie eating inequality of the currents in the balanced et' circuit, utilizing diode rectiers in a mesh circuit;

' Figure l5 shows the electrical circuits :for indieating inequality or the currents in the balanced circuit, utilizing thermocouples;

Figure lo shows an arrangement for indicating M and operating auxiliary circuits dependent upon unequality ol the currents in the balanced circuits, utilizlng a dinerential hot Wire relay;

Figure it snows the electrical circtuto for inu .I dicating inequality or? the currents the anced circuit, utilizing diodes in resonance circuits;

Flglue a diagram illustrating th enceA of saturation plate omtrent upon t element current;

Figure chown tl'le electrical circuits for indi eating lnequa oi the current in a balance-:l circuit; ut g diodes in an untuned circuit;

Figure 2li ls a diagram illustrating the etect v of rapid fluctuations of thread diameter upon the operation of the sensitive relay;

Figure 2l. electrical circuit for damn-Tou ino: the ellect ot rapid fluctuations upon eenu titille relay;

Figure mechanical arrangement .Tor daanpeniur3 'the eect ol rapid lluctuatlons upon the sensi 1 lat f2 a diagram of the elect lcgue ci tnW mechanical arrangeurenJ ci Flip f ure 22;

@t is an electrical circuit a 1n-5;: device utilizing 'a continuous control ol comparis ating condensen Figure is an arrangement ol the indicating "t part of a measuring device utilizing ratchet relays to control the position of the compensating condenser;

Figure 26 is an arrangement of the indicating depend ne t 4part of a measuring device to separately integrate 75 the first power of the positive and negative deviations from any predetermined thickness;

Figure 27 is an arrangement of the indicating part of a measuring device to separately integrate the square of the positive and negative deviations from any predetermined thickness;

Figure 28 is an arrangement of a thread Ineas'- uring device utilizing photoelectric cells;

Figures 29 and 30 are diagrams used in the design of the compensating condenser plates; and

Figures 31 and 32 are schematic views showing the series circuit arrangements that the relayv 24 makes in motor 22.

The application of my invention to a device for the continuous measurement of the diameter of a thread as it is passing through the device will be described with various modifications of the several parts and arrangements of the device for performing certain tasks as controlled by the diameter of the thread.

Referring to Figure 1, a thread is shown being reeled from spool 30 on to reel I I, and passing through the caliper 2, the spacing of Whose jaws 5 and 5 by the diameter of the thread controls the spacing of the condenser plates 'I and 8 through the lever system pivoted at 9 and IIJ. "lglfiis caliper condenser is shown in more detail in Figure 11.

Electrically in parallel with the caliper conthe other a record on the sheet I5. These, briefgiven by ly, are operated as follows:

Motor 22, whose operation and direction of rotation are controlled by a system of relays 24 in accordance with the capacity variations of condenser l, 8, as will be described hereinafter, is coupled to shaft 2| through a speed reduction gearing 2|'. On the motor shaft is a magnetic brake 23 also controlled by the system of relays 24. A pointer 29', fastened to shaft 2|, serves to indicate on a scale 2B the position of the compensating condenser movable plate 3, and a pulley 20 on the same shaft serves to move the pen carrier I1, carrying the pen I6 of a recorder, over the guide |8 through the belting I9 so that the transverse position of the pen on the chart is likewise directly dependent upon the position of the movable plate 3. The reel |I is driven by motor I2, which also drives the recorder drum I4 through the reduction gearing I3. There is thus a constant relationship between the amount Wound on the reel Il and'longitudinal distance on the recorder chart I5.

Electrical circuits contained in 26, 21, 28 are arranged to operate the motor 22 through the system of relays 24 to turn the movable plate 3 so as to keep constant at a predetermined value, the total capacitance of the parallel condensers 8 and 3, 4.. If the diameter of the running thread increases, the spacing ofthe parallel caliper condenser plates 1, 8 is increased. Since for a parallel plate condenser the capacitance is KA Q:m l

where K is a constant depending upon the units and dielectric used, A is the eiective area of the plates, andt is the spacing of the plates. in-

creasing said spacing will lower the capacitance. This decrease in total capacitance is detected by the electrical circuits in 26 in a manner to be the spacing of the caliper jaws 5 and Sas determined by the diameter of the thread. Scale 29. over which pointer 29 attached to shaft 2| moves, may therefore be calibrated in terms of the spacing of the caliper jaws, that is, in terms of the thickness of the thread. Since a slight pressure of the caliper jaws upon the thread is caused by the pressure of springs 9' and I0' in ordr to maintain contact of the jaws with the thread, a slight squeezing of the thread will occur,` resulting in an indication of the diameter that is slightly low. In order to minimize this eect,

the caliper jaws are made to have a considerable length in contact with the thread, both in order to reduce the unit pressure and also to allow a large number of twists of the thread to be included within the jaws, so as to avoid any un- `twisting effect. i

The transverse position of pen I6 lon the paper |5 is controlled by the position of the compensating condenser plate 3, and is therefore dependent upon the thickness of the thread. As the distance the paper moves under the pen is a linear function of the length of thread reeled on to reel II, the pen I6 traces on the paper I5 a curve of function of thickness against length of thread.

What this function of thickness is, is determined by the spacing ofthe caliper condenser plates and by the shape of the compensating condenser plates.

The capacity of the caliper condenser where:

This capacitance Cz is not a linear function of the spacing t, but is inversely proportional thereto. We may shape the rotor plate 3 of the compensating condenser 3, 4 to produce any desired variation of the compensating capacitance C; with angular rotation of said rotor plate. I shall proceed to indicate the design of suchcompensating condenser 3, 4 to produce an angular variation' which is linear with the variations in the thread thickness.

Figure 29 shows the stationary plate 4, made semi-circular in form, with an outer radius of rz and an Ainner or cut-off radius of r1.

Figure 30 shows a shape of rotor plate l where: .I

The outer radius rz of stationary plate 4 is made largerv than the largest radius of plate 3.

The effective area A: between the plates 3 and 4 when they mesh o degrees is derived by:

AFL'Hp-rmdo (2i If s is the spacing of plates 3 and l, and K the same as for Cz, then the capacitance Ca of the compensating condenser 3, 4 i'or any insertion KA K 0 C37= 8;; o (p1-ned@ T-() At any compensated or balanced position, the

sum of Cz and C: is necessarily a constant value, say equal to Co, hence:

Cz+Cz=0o (4:) Setting:

dz=varying thread diameter dr=minimum thread diameter to bc measured dsp-maximum thread diameter to be measured it :spacing of plates of caliper.l condenser C: t=minimum spacing of plates of caliper conterminati 10g. d.=Go+H (17) where E is the natural logarithm base equal to 2.718284-, and where G and H are arbitrary constants. To nd their value with the conditions:

(o --n reca; A

shape ci logarithmic rot by the radius 37 a Xpress-lon. (37). The shapeI plate fl :la the same as ntlcatet i It is not essential 'that 'the compensating t. fr,

plate :is tie fimction of c :in

di i v denser El, ffl be of the form shown in Figures 29 31;

and 30, Any other iorm ci condenser in which the capacitance is a function a mechanical displacement may be used, Furthermore, :is also possible substitute for the condenser caliper any other device in which the thickness of the rthread will control the current in an electrical circuit, and for the compensating condenser any other device whereby the current may be kept constant by automatic compensating means involving a mechanical or electrical displacement which may be arranged to operate indicating or controlling means. Likewise the form of the indicating and recording`l` means shown in Figure 1 are only to be taken asibeing illustrative of means for accomplishing the desired purposes.

Figure 11 shows the cross section of ay practical condenser caliper for the measurement of thread diameter. Parallel caliper jaws and 6 are mounted on plates |05 and |06 hinged on jewelled bearings at 9 and |0 and kept in contact with the thread I by springs 9 and |0. Reference may also be had to Figure 12 in which the symbols are the same. Condenser plates 1 and 8 are fastened to the plates |05 and |06, plate 1 being insulated from |05 by insulation 'l'. The spacing of the caliper condenser Cg plates t is controlled by the spacing of the caliper jaws as determined by the diameter of the thread da. In order to reduce the rapid capacitance variation of C2 when plates 1 and 8 are close, due to the non-linearity of .this capacitance variation with diameter of the thread by the reciprocal relation the Vcondenser plates 1 and 8 are so arranged that they have the initial separation tu when the caliper jaws 5 and 6 are touching.

In spite of the fact that thread is usually not 'considered hard or abrasive, its continual passage through the caliper jaws will wear them, thus changing the calibration. In order to minimize the wear, arrangement may be made to continually change the position of the thread within the parallel jaws. In Figure 12 is shown such an arrangement, the position of travel of the thread -through the caliper jaws being controlled vJoy the position of guide pulleys |01 and |08 carried on parallel linkages |09, and ||3, and H0, H2 and I3', respectively. The two pulleys are simultaneouslymoved up and down through the linkages by the plate I4 Iattached to I3 and bearing on rotating cam I5. Cam ||5 is geared through shaft ||6 and speed reduction gearing |1 and ||8 to the motor |2 which drives the winding-up' reel and thus the position of the thread is continuallyv caused to change as it runs through the caliper jaws.

One form that the electrical circuit 26, 21, 28 and the system of relays 24 of Figure may take is shown in Figure 2. A conventional alternating v current power supply device for furnishing direct and ,alternating currents of the proper voltages for operating the vacuum tubes in other parts of the apparatus is indicated at 28. It comprises a transformer having primary 30a and secondary windings 3l, 32 and 33, a thermionic rectiiier 36, and a filter system of inductors 35 and 38 and condensers 36, 3l and 35.

A vacuum tube oscillator is contained 4in 21, comprising a capacitance 4| andan induotance 42 forming the oscillatory circuit, grid condenser 43 and grid leak 44, and by-pass condenser 45 for the screen grid of the tetrode46, in a circuit 'well known to-the art as an electron-coupled 54,155, in parallel with caliper 'condenser 1. 8 and compensating condenser 3, 4. Inductors 5| and V21. Inductor 53 is tuned to the same frequency as 5| by th capacitance of the parallel combination of -condensers 54, 55, 1, 8 and 3, 4, 54 and 55 being respectively arranged for coarse and ne adjustment. Current of the oscillator 21 frequency flows in coils 41 and 48, arranged in substantially equal inductive relationship respectively, with inductors 5| and 53 and included in the plate ycircuit of the oscillator21. A filter consisting of resistor 49 and condenser 50 is included to prevent undesirable coupling with the tubes 56 and 51.

Since the same current flows ythrough coils 41 and 48, and the respective mutual inductances M1 and Mz are equal, equal electromotive forces are induced in inductors 5| and 53, and if the capacitances inthe two circuits are equal, equal currents will flow in the two tuned circuits. Equal currents iiowing in the two circuits will produce equal voltages across the two inductors 5| and 53. 56 and 51 are two substantially identical vacuum tubes whose grids are biased approximately at plate current cut-off by connecting the cathodes through the lter consisting of resistor 62 and condenser 84 to an appropriate point on the voltage divided 40. Plate by-pass condensers 58 and 59 by-pass the alternating component of the plate current of each tube, which ilows when the grid-cathode circuits are respectively connected across the inductors 5| and 53, as shown in the figure. When the alternating voltages applied to the grids are equal, equal currents will iiow, and the voltage drops across the two substantially equal plate load resistors 60 and 6| will be equal. The two plates will now be at the same potential and no current will flow through the relay coil 63 connected through the leads 25, 25 across the two plates. y

If the frequency of the current supplied by the oscillator to the two tuned circuits is lower than the frequency to which they are tuned, the current in each of the circuits will be less than its maximum resonance value. If now the capacitance of caliper condenser 1, 8 is increased by a decrease in the diameter of the thread running through it, inductor 53 will be tuned more nearly to resonance withv the frequency of the oscillator, and the current through it and the voltage across it will increase, resulting in an increase of the plate current of vacuum tube 51.

This well known effect is illustrated in Figure 5, in which the curve lB of current through the inductor of a tuned circuit as a function of the capacitance is plotted. If the initial capacitance is Cu and it is increased to C1, the current is increased from I0 to Ira. When the current through the inductor 53 increases, the voltage across it increases, resulting in a larger voltage drop across plate resistor 6|. The plate of 51 is then at a lower voltage than the plate of 56, current will flow through the relay coil 63 and the system of relays 24 will operate the motor 22 to decrease the capacitance of compensating condenser 3, 4

`until the total capacitance across inductor 53 is again equal to that across inductor 5|. At this time the plates of 56 and 51 will again be at the same voltage, current will no longer ilow through relay coil 63 and the motor will be caused to stop. The action is automatic and will continue for as long a period of time as desired. Any changes in the capacitance of caliper condenser 1, l are immediately compensated by motion of the compensating condenser I, 4.

The vacuum tube circuit in 28 may also be considered as a form of Wheatstone bridge consisting of the two equal arms and 6I and the plate resistances of the two vacuum tubes 56 and 51. The values of the plate resistances are controlled by the alternating voltages across the inductors 5I and 53. The inequality of these voltages results in an inequality between the two plate resistances, unbalancing the bridge and allowing current to flow through the relay coil 63 connected in the position the galvanometer usually occupies in such a bridge circuit.

The system of relays 24 controlling motor 22 consists of one sensitive polarized relay of the galvanometer type with coil B3 and amature 64 which moves to touch contact 65 when current ilows through the coil in one direction and to touch contact 68 when current ilows in the other direction. Condensers 81 and 68 and resistor 69 serve to stop sparking at the contacts. Battery 'i0 energizes relay coil 1I when contact 65 'is touched by armature 94, and energizes relay coil 12 when contact 8B is touched.

l have illustrated a direct current series motor with series field windings 14 and 15 and armature winding 13. Switch 16-16 connects the source of power to the motor 22 through relays in 24. Referring to Figure 31, energizing of relay coil 1I moves armatures 11 and 19 against the force of their respective springs to contact their front contacts, to connect field windings 'it and 15 and armature winding 13 in series. Tracing through the resulting'series circuit, the positive power source terminal connects to one arm of switch 16-16', then to field winding 14, then to back contact and armature 80, through armature 19 and its front contact, from there through the armature winding 13, then to front contact and armature 11, to armature 18 and its back contact, through eld winding 15, and back to the negative terminal of the power source through a switch arm of 19-19', to complete the circuit. The direction of rotation of the motor 22 is in one predetermined direction.

Energizing of relay coil 12, however, moves the armatures 18 and 80 to their front contacts. This results in a series circuit as illustrated in Figure 32. It is similar to that of Figure 31, except that the direction of current flow through the armature winding 13 is reversed. This position serves to rotate the motor opposite to the predetermined direction.

The contacts on armatures 11,18, 19 and 80 are so connected to the field and armature windings as to make impossible the short circuiting oi' the motor armature if one of the relay armatures sticks and does not open when the relay coil controlling it ceases to 'be energized. This is due to the series relation tracedl above.

[armatures 3i moved by coil 1i, and 82 moved by coil "i2, connect potential source 83 to the magnetic brake 23, which functions to stop the rnotor 22 quickly when either coils 1i or 12 are no longer energized and thus to prevent overshooting. The connections to the relays and motor are so poled that rotation of the compensating condenser 3, 4 by motor 22 is in such a direction as to compensate for changes in the capacitance of the caliper condenser 1, 8 and thus to bring the circuit back to balance as explained before. liffotor 22 is geared to condenser plate 3 by the indicated reduction gearing 2i.

some other form` of oscillation generator.

It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the several parts shown in Figure 2 are only unique in their function and functional relationship, and that other devices could be substituted for them without in any way departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the alternating current supplied power supply device 28 could be replaced by batteri or by generators. The vacuum tube oscillator 21 could be replaced by any other form of vacuum tube oscillator or by The constancy of the combined capacitance of the caliper condenser 1, 8 and the compensating condenser@ 2, 4 could be maintained by other devices than those illustrated in Figure 2. As examples, some other devices for accomplishing the same purposes will later be described.

Figure 3 shows a thread measuring device arranged to control the thread loop length of a knitting machine. If a length of thread suilicient for two or more courses of the knitted fabric is, say, thinner than normal, it will show in the finished fabric as a band of less than normal density, thus seriously impairing the value of the fabric. However, the visual density of the fabric depends upon the loop length as well as upon the thread diameter since a shorter loop length means more thread per unit length of fabric. The decrease in density due to a thin length in the thread can thus be compensated for by decreasing the loop length by an appropriate amount. In one form of knitting machine for the manufacture of full-fashioned silk hosiery, the length of the loop is controlled by the angular position of a roller arm 96 which rotates on the regulating shaft 94 with respect to the arm 95 fastened to the shaft. The roller 91, which is carried-'by the arm 96, bears on cam 93, fastened to cam-shaft 92, and serves to move the regulating bar to control the needles, etc., through their proper phases in the knitting of a course. Micrometer screw 99, passing through nut 98 in arm 95, bears on arm 96 and serves to provide a very precise adjustment of the length of the loop. Automatic control of the loop length as a function of the thread diameter is achieved by coupling the shaft 2| of the rotating compen- `sating condenser to the micrometer screw 99 through the flexible coupling |90. The shape of the condenser plates in this case is such that the compensation is of the right amount to result in a uniform appearance of the finished fabric.

Most of the stocking knitting machines now in operation are built to knit a number of stockings at a time. The loop length of all of the stockings is simultaneously controlled yby the position ofthe roller arm 96. Without a special provision for the separate regulation of the loop length of each stocking, the loop length cornpensation described above could net be applied to such multiple machines. It could only be applied to individual machines knitting only one stocking at a. time, or to other machines knitting only one piece of fabric at a time. However, an

improvement in the appearance of the fabric i can be obtained by removing from the thread when the diameter of the thread departs from within predetermined upper and lower limits. The scale 29 isvhere equipped with contacts 85 and 86 which are set so that the pointer 29' touches contact when indicating the desired upper limit of diameter, and contact 88 when indicating the lower limit of diameter. When either contact is touched by the pointer, `battery 81 energizes the clutch device 8,8 to disengage the spindle 8B from the spindle driving motor 8|, and thus to stop the rotation of the spindle. The clutch device 88 may take any desired form, and may also be combined with the device normally furnished on winding machines for stopping the spindle when the thread breaks.

In the form of the invention illustrated in Figures 1 to 4, the electrical quantity controlled by the thickness of the thread is the capacitance of a condenser. As before stated, it is the function of the electrical apparatus automatically to move a compensating condenser so that the total capacitance of the caliper condenser and the compensating condenser in parallel is kept constant. It is therefore necessary for accuracy that the electrical circuits be capable of responding to small changes in capacitance, and of being independent of any other variations, such as temperature, humidity, supply voltage fluctuations, or aging of vacuum tubes. It is part of the object of this invention to disclose means for achieving these desiderata of sensitivity and stability. The question of sensitivity will rst be considered.

The only convenient method of measuring capacitance, particularly a small capacitance such as, for reasons of convenience of dimensions,l is formed by the caliper and compensating condensers, is to measure the alternating current flowing through it or through it in parallel with a larger capacitance of known value. The current through a condenser of capacitance C is I=E21rfC, where I ls the current, Ea the applied voltage. both the effective value of sinusoidal alternating quantities, and f is the frequency of the applied voltage. The current is thus seen to be a linear function of the capacitance. In Figure 5 is illustrated, at A, the circuit for such a measurement of capacitance, and curve A shows the relationship graphically, current being plotted against capacitance, the frequency of the applied voltage being kept constant. The sensitivity of this method for measuririg slight changes in capacitance is not very high, since a change in. capacitance, say an in,- crease from Co to C1, will produce only an equal percentage increase in current from VIn to In. However, if in series with the condenser there is connected an inductor having an inductance such as to tune the circuit almost to resonance with the frequency of the applied voltage, the sensitivity is enormously increased.

The circuit is shown at B in Figure 5, where C is the capacitance, L the inductance and r the totalcircuit resistance. Curve B shows the well known relation in this case between current and capacitance. The inductance L in this case is too small to tune the capacitance to resonance; it would be necessary to increase the capacitance from Cu to Cr to obtain resonance. The expression for current is I I= whim-siti For the sake of convenience on the diagram.

depend upon the change in current for a given small change in capacitance, that'is, upon the slope of the curve-at the working point. This is the slope of the tangent line g--g. Its slope will be greater, the less the resistance rin the circuit,

and it is also affected by the relative values of inductance and capacitance.

It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that this ampliilcation of sensitivity through resonance phenomena is the basis of operation of one form of so-called ultra-micrometer circuit. The circuit for such an ultra-micrometer device is given in Figure 6, in which C is the condenser whose capacitance variation is to be measured, inserted in series with the ammeter I and the inductor L having a resistance 1, and supplied through the mutual inductance M from an oscillator. Variations in the capacitance of C are observed through the changes in the ourrent indicated by I. This discussion of the con-4 ventional ultra-micrometer circuit is included in order to explain more clearly the factors which influence its stability, and to make more clear how in my invention I attain a high degree of stability.

In Figure '7 I show, at A, a curve of current against capacitance of a tuned circuit, such as shown in Figure 6, with a diagram of the circuit to which it applies, namely, an electromotive f orce E in series with resistance r, inductance L and capacitance C. If the capacitance is C0, the current lwill be I0. Now if the electromotive :force E be reduced, as may happen due to decrease in supply voltage to the oscillator, aging of the oscillator tube, etc., the ordinatesA of curve A will be reduced proportionately to form curve B. 'I'he working point on the curve will drop from a to b, and the current Will now be Il. This is the same current that would ow if the electromotive force E had remained constant and the working point a'had been shifted to c by a decrease in capacitance from Co to C1, so that a false indication of the value of the capacitance will be obtained.

A similar source of error is that due to change in the frequency of the oscillator. In Figure 8, at A, is again given the curve of current against capacitance, the capacitance for resonance being Cr, the initial capacitance being Co, the initial Working point a, and the initial current In. If now the frequency of the oscillator rises slightly, so that it would take a smaller capacitance to tune the circuit to resonance, the current-capacitance curve would be given by B, the working point would be b, and the current I1, would iiow. This is the same current that would iiow if the frequency had remained constant and the working point had been shifted to c by an increase of capacitance fromCn to C1, so that a false indication of the value of the capacitance will again be obtained.

Both the frequency and voltage may change simultaneously, as can'happen if the plate or filament supply voltages to the oscillator change. R. F. Field, in'United States'Patent 1,813,488, has disclosed an experimentally determined method for causing the eiects of the two changes to balance each other over a considerable range of supply voltage variation, for a special form of ultra-micrometer device. While .such a compensated circuit could be used in the electrical circuits for keeping the combined capacitance of the caliper and compensating condensers constant, and such use is within the scope oi' my invention, I prefer to attain stability through the use oi' balanced circuits.

A simple form o! balanced circuit is shown in Figure 9. There are two tuned'circuits having no mutual impedance, the first consisting of condenser C1 and inductor L1 having resistance r1: the second `consisting of the condenser Cz whose capacitance is to be measured, and the inductor L: having resistance r2. Equal electromotive iorces E1 and Ez, supplied kfrom the same source, act in the two branches. L1 and L2 are equal, r1 and rz are equal, and when C2 is equal to C1, it is seen that equal currents I1 and I2 now in the two circuits. Device is to measure and indicate the magnitude and the sense of the difference in amplitude between I1 and I2. When Cn is equal to C1, then In is equal to I1 and the device IDI will indicate zero. Ii both circuits are working at point a on the curve A of Figure 8, and C2 is increased slightly so that I2 increases,

I2 will be greater that I1 and device |0| will indicate the magnitude of the increase, which will be dependent upon the magnitude of the capacitance increase.

Since the parameters of the two circuits are identical, variations of voltage or frequency will eil'ect both equally, merely changing the operating point on the curve equally for both and not affecting the equality of currents when C2 is equal to C1. However, if the indications of the device lill are taken to depend upon the difference incapacitance between C2 and C1, the calibration will change as the operating point moves along the curve, due to the varying slope of the curve. For this reason I prefer to use a null method of comparison, keeping the circuits always balanced by use of a compensating condenser, and taking the setting of the compensating condenser as a measure of the difference in capacitance between C2 and C1. Change in slope of the resonance curve with change of the operating point due to voltage or frequency variations will then have only the effect of slightly changing the sensitivity.

This null method or comparison is a very sensitive, practical and accurate means of measuring any small capacity changes, such as the capacity changes of a caliper due to varying thickness of thread passing through it. This means is uniniiuenced by other external factors, since suchV theless, I shall in my preferred arrangements concern myself speclilcally with capacity changes. The detection by the null method includes in its scope the varying of a physical condition in accordance with the unbalancing factor, and comparing the said varying physical aaoases condition with a predetermined condition.

Figure shows a balanced arrangement consisting of two tuned circuits with substantially identical parameters, as in Figure 9, the electromotive forces being induced through the substantially equal mutual inductances M1 and Mn, and condenser C: being replaced by the parallel combination of Cz and compensating condenser Ca, which is arranged for being varied in capacitance by the motor IM. I 02 is a device responsive to inequality of the currents I1 and I2, and to the sense o1 this inequality. |03 is a system of relays arranged to be controlled by |02 and to cause the nxed physical Amotion of compensating condenser C: through the agency of the motor |04 in such a direction as to change its capacitance to correct the lnequality of I1 and In.

Various simple forms that may be taken by the device |02 will now be described. In Figure 13 the same two tuned circuits as shown in Figure 10 are employed. It will be remembered that for a constant frequency the voltage across an inductance is directly proportional to the current through it, so that inequality of the currents in the circuits will be manifested by inequality of the voltages across the inductances. Across C1 is shunted a thermionic rectifier D1 in series with resistor R1. If R1 is made sufficiently high in resistance, the shunting effect of D1-R1 will not materially increase the eiective resistance of the tuned circuit. Since D1 will only pass current in one direction, a pulsating direct current will ilow in R1 and the cathode ci D1 will be at an average direct current potential with respect to ground determined by the voltage across the rirst tuned circuit. A substantially identical circuit consisting of Dz and Rz is shunted around the second tuned circuit, the direct current potential of the cathode of D: being determined by lthe voltage across the circuit. R1 and R1 as well as D1 and D2 are substantially identical.

For equal voltages across the two tuned circuits the cathodesoi D1 and D2 will be at the same potential and no current will iiow through the galvanometer relay 12| connected between them. 'I'he inductors H5 and |20 are to keep Vralternating currents out of the galvancmeter While the condensers 2|3 and 2H are to lay-pass the alternating components of the rectified current. If the operating point is at a of Figure 8, when C2 is increased, I2 increases, the voltage across the second tuned circuit increases, the potential of the cathode of D2 rises, and current iiows from it to that of D1, causing the galvanometer'relay |2| to deflect.

Another arrangement using diode rectiflers is shown in Figure 14. Here the connections to Athe two diodes are such as to pass direct current through the common branch in opposite directions so that the current flowing through the galvanometer relay |26 is the difference between the two rectiiied currents. Condensers |22 and H23 offer low impedance paths around the galvanometer relay to the alternating currents, which inductors |24 and |25 serve to keep out oi the galvanometer.

Two identical thermocouples may be 'used to compare the currents, as in Figure 15, in which the arrangement of the thermocross type of thermocouple is shown. The heater oi thermocouple |21 is connected into the ilrst tuned circuit, while the heater of thermocouple |28 is connected into the second tuned circuit. The direct current leads are connected in series through galvanometer relay |29 and are so poled that the thermoelectric forces actin opposition. When the currents I1 and I2 are equal, no current will flow through the galvanometer relay. However, if one current is greater than the other, the galvanometer relay will deect in a direction dependent upon which current is the greater.

A differential hot wire ammeter is also a satisfactory instrument for comparing the currents. A suitable design of such an instrument is shown in Figure 16. 'I'he resistance wires |30 and |3| are respectively connected in the first and secnd tuned circuits. At one end they are fastened `to hinged plate |32 and kept under tension by a spring attached to regulating screw |33, and at the other end they are attached to the circumference of sta |34, which is pivoted in bearings |35 and |36. Electrical connections are made through the hair spring |40. Staff |34 carries arm |31 which touches either contact |39 or |39 when it moves out of its center position. Equal currents flowing through wires |30 and |3| will produce` no motion of the arm |31, since the expansions of the wires will be equal and will be taken up by motion of the hinged plate |32. If,

however, the currents are unequal, one wire will.

expand more than the other and cause the arm 31 to move totouch the contact on that side.

The saturation plate current of a diode is dependenent upon the lament or heater element current. The alternating currents flowing in two tuned circuits could be used to heat the filaments or heater elements of two diodes, D1 and Dz, as shown inFigure 17. 'I'he difference in their plate currents could be arranged to deflect the galvanometer relay G by ,use oi' the same bridge circuit as shown in Figure 2, |42 being the plate battery.

Figure 18 shows the dependence of the saturation plate current Ips of a diode D upon the filament current If. If the initial operating current is Ifo, it will be seen that a considerable amplification is attained, the slope of 'the tangent line b-b being much greater than that of o-a., 'I'he amplification obtainable by this means could be used in conjunction with the tuned circuit method for capacitance comparison for increased sensitivity, as shown in Figure 17. It could also be used in a pair of untuned circuits as shown in- Figure 19. Here the condensers C1, C2 and C3 are connected in series with the respective diodes D1VV` and D2 across the electromotive force E, whose amplitude and frequency are so adjusted that the operating point of the diodes is atla in Figure 18. The difference between the saturation plate currents could be arranged to deflect the galvanometer relay |43 through use of the same bridge circuit as shown in Figure 2', |44 being the plate battery. f l

Certain of the above-mentioned means of measuring the capacitance of the caliper and compensating condenser are preferable from the standpoint of ease of maintenance and ruggedness of instruments used. 'I'he methods shown in Figures 13 and 14 are thus desirable because aging and replacement of the diodeshas a neg- `ligible effect upon .the operation of the circuit,

due to the high series resistance. The use of the differential hot wire ammeter shown inv Figure v16 is also desirable in that it eliminates the use of vacuum tubes andthe sensitive galvanometer relay.

With these preferred arrangements I am illustrating various specificmethods of and means for detecting changes brought about by variations in the capacity of a condenser.' It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that other methods may be devised to accomplish this result, and that the principle of 'my invention is to produce a varying physical condition in accordance with a varying capacitance, and to detect the difference between said varying physical condition and a predetermined fixed physical condition.

A'The time constant of the indicating and controlling means is of importance in affecting the sensitivity and accuracy of the instrument. This is illustrated in Figure 20. Curve A shows a curve of the current through the galvanometer relay coil 63 of Figure 2 plotted against time as thread is being run uniformly through the caliper jaws. Due to the unimportant short-length fiuctuations, the current will oscillate about a mean, as shown from 0 to c, for which time the bridge is balanced. The current necessary to operate the relay is indicated by Igb. andl so long as the fluctuations in Ig are within the limits of -l-Igb and Isa the relay contacts will not close. From c to d, however, the average thread diameter increases, so that the current swings are more on the positive side, and the relay contacts will close on each swingof the current outside the limits -l-Igb and -Iga although the average current is less than that required to operate the relay.

Due to the speed of the fluctuations, the current supply to the power relay coils 1| and 12 controlling the motor 22 of Figure 2 is never on for a sufficiently long time tooperatelthe relays. This is likewise the case in the time interval d to e, when the average current is greater than that required for operation, but the power relays are not operated. It is not until the interval e to f, when the current fluctuations are wholly beyond the value -l-Igb, that the current through the contact to the appropriate relay coil is not interrupted. I'he power relay then operates, causing the motor to move to correct the unbalance. However, the average current, that is, the average amount of unbalance necessary to cause correction of the unbalance is thus much greater than the amount normally required to operate the relay. Thevsensitivity of the galvanometer f relay and thus the sensitivity and accuracy-of the thread measuring device are therefore seen to be dependent upon the magnitude and rate of the thickness fluctuations. That this is undesirable is obvious. What is needed is a means for damping the rapid iluctuationsbefore they actuate the galvanometer relay.

One method of damping the rapid fluctuations is the inclusion of an electrical low-pass filter in the leads to the galvanometer relay coil |49, as shown in Figure 2l. This may comprise one or more sections of the form shown, consisting of series inductor |43 and shunt capacitors |41 and |43. Another and more compact means would be the insertion of a mechanical low-pass filter between the galvanometer relay armature and the contacts. This could take the form shown in Figure 22. Here |49 and |49 are the pole pieces and |50 the'moving coil carrying the fork |5I. Mass |55 has a high moment/of inertia about its center of rotation |55, and carries an arm |54 by which it is coupled to the fork |52 through the compliant coupling consisting of springs |52 and |53. Contact arm |51 touches l weak springs |52 and |53, rapid iiuctuations in the position of the moving coil |50 will not cause appreciable motion of the contact arm |51, while any slow variation will do so.

The operation of this system may perhaps be better understood by reference to the circuit of its electrical analogue shown in, Figure 23. This has the form of a low-pass filter. Here Lm and rm represent respectively the moment of inertia and the mechanical friction of the moving coil, Cm the compliance of its hair springs, Cc the compliance of the spring system E52 and |53, LW and rw respectively the moment of inertia and mechanical friction of the mass |55. and Cw the restoring compliance acting on |55, in this case being zero. The velocities of |58 and l55 are represented respectively by i1 and iz, and qw the charge on. Cw, is analogous to the displacement of |55. 'Various modifications of the several parts could made while retaining the desired ability to prevent the relay contacts from being operated by the rapid fluctuations and to maire them only respond 'to average variations. This same result is attained ,by means of the thermal inertia of 'the heated wires in the circuits and devices shown in iFigures lt?, ll and i9.

En Figure 2 the control of the motor was by means of the relay system which could only start the motor running at a constant speed in one direction or the other, or stop it. For some applications. particularly in recorder work. it would be preferable to have the' motor controlled in such a way that its speed is greater, the greater the imbalance that it is to correct. This could be accomplished by using in place of the relay system a Ward-Leonard system of motor speed control, as shown in Figure 24. The tuned circuits are arranged in the same manner as those in Figure 2, the voltages across the circuits being respectively applied between the cathodes and the grids of the two vacuum tubes VT1 and VTz. The grid bias is furnished by battery 62 and the plate voltage by battery |62. Condensers i60 and i6| loy-pass the alternating current components of the plate currents. 'The direct current components of the -plate currents of the two vac-n uum tubes pass respectively through the opposed elds |63 and |64 of the direct current generator 10 driven by constant speed motor |69. The armature |65 of generator |10 is connected to the armature |61 oi' direct current motor |66 with eld |68 separately excited through potential source |1l', which is mechanically connected to move compensating condenser C3. When the voltages across the two tuned circuits are equal. equal plate currents will pass through the two opposed eld coils |64 and |65, and motor |66 will not revolve. If the current through one of the fields is increased due to increase in the voltage of the corresponding tuned circuit, the motor |66 will revolve in the proper direction to correct the unbalance, at a speed proportional to th amount of unbalance. 4

Various modcations of the relay controlled motor system shown in Figure 2 are'also possible. One, shown inAFigure 25, utilizes a relay controlled ratchet motor. |10 andl |1| are ratchets arranged to turn the shaft 2| clockwise when |1| is engaged by armature |13 or counterclockwise when |10 is engaged by armature |12. Both armatures |12 and |13 are normally held disengaged from their ratchet wheels, and are respectively operated by the self-interrupting relays |14 and |15. The action' of each of these relays is to give a continuous series of impulses to the armature, when energized by the battery 10 As stated before, the present methods oi rating silk thread are tedious, wasteful and inaccurate. The quality of thread depends upon the amount of the deviations of its thickness. from some constant quantity. The thread measuring device shown in Figure l may be arranged to give a continuous record of the separately integrated positive and negative deviationsfrom any predeu termined thickness.

in Figure 26, 'il is 'the compensating condenser n shaft. iid is the pointer attached thereto, and il?? is the graduated scaleover which the pointer moves as in Figure l. Pointer E9' carries an arm on which are mounted two brushes liti and i connected together and bearing respectively on resistance strip 1118 and bar its, or on resistance strip 16 and bar ii'i. depending on the position of the pointer 29. The narrow opening between i'iii and llt. and 511 and i'iil may be adjusted to correspond with any desired division of the scale 29. 'For this purpose it is desirable to have the compensating condenser plate 23 so shaped that the scale 29 is graduated logarithmically. so that equal percentage deviations are represented by equal displacements of the pointer $29 no matter what the average thickness of the thread may be. The deflection of the pointer `from its mid position with the brushes between the bars 611 and |19, and the resistance strips llt and i18, is then proportional to the percentage deviation from the thickness corresponding to the center position.

Watt-hour meters |35 and |86 are the integrating devices. Their current coils are connected through resistance |84 to the battery |83 and their voltage coils respectively to the bars H8 and |11. Resistance |18 is connected across battery |83 and acts as a potentiometer, the voltage between the inside end and the brush |8I being applied through the other` brush |82 and the bar 19 to the voltage coll of the watt-hour meter H36. Meter is similarly connected. The reading of a 'watt-hour meter is proportional to the product of time, current and voltage. The current through the coils is constant. the voltage is proportional to the departure of pointer 28 from the chosen center position if the resistance v strips |16 and |18 are uniform, and the time depends upon the length of thread run through if its speed is constant. Therefore the reading of each watt-hour meter will indicate the integral of the rst power of the deviations, the positive and negative deviations being separately integrated and. indicated.

Large deviations causemore serious differences in the appearance of the fabric than small ones, so it would be desirable to give more importance to the larger deviations. This would be accomplished by integrating a higher power of the deviation, such as the square. This could be accomplished with the apparatus of Figure 26 by proportioning the resistance strips |16 and |18 so that the resistance measured from the center is the desired function of the distance from the center. A uniform resistance strip could also be used to give an integration of the 

